Nok Art Early Sculptural Pottery in West Africa

Nok art refers to huge human, animal and other figures made out of terracotta pottery, made by the Nok culture and found throughout Nigeria. The terracottas represent the earliest sculptural art in West Africa and were made between 900 BCE and 0 CE, co-occurring with the earliest evidence of iron smelting in Africa south of the Sahara desert. Nok Terracottas The famous terracotta figurines are made of local clays with coarse tempers. Although very few of the sculptures have been found intact, it is clear that they were nearly life-sized. Most are known from broken fragments, representing human heads and other body parts wearing a profusion of beads, anklets, and bracelets. Artistic conventions recognized as Nok art by scholars include geometric indications of eyes and eyebrows with perforations for pupils, and detailed treatment of heads, noses, nostrils, and mouths. Many have exaggerated features such as enormous ears and genitals, leading some scholars such as Insoll (2011) to argue that they are representations of diseases such as elephantiasis. Animals illustrated in Nok art include snakes and elephants; human-animal combinations (called therianthropic creatures) include human/bird and human/feline mixes. One recurring type is a two-headed Janus theme. A possible precursor to the art are figurines depicting cattle found throughout the Sahara-Sahel region of North Africa beginning in the 2nd millennium BCE; later connections include the Benin brasses and other Yoruba art. Chronology Over 160 archaeological sites have been found in central Nigeria that are associated with the Nok figures, including villages, towns, smelting furnaces, and ritual sites. The people who made the fantastic figures were farmers and iron smelters, who lived in central Nigeria beginning about 1500 BCE and flourished until about 300 BCE. Preservation of bone at Nok culture sites is dismal, and radiocarbon dates are limited to charred seeds or materials found within the interior of Nok ceramics. The following chronology is a recent revision of previous dates, based on combining thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating where possible. Early Nok (1500–900 BCE)Middle Nok (900–300 BCE)Late Nok (300 BCE–1 CE)Post Nok (1 CE–500 CE) Early Nok Arrivals The earliest pre-iron settlements occur in central Nigeria beginning about the middle of the second millennium BCE. These represent the villages of migrants to the area, farmers who lived in small kin-based groups. Early Nok farmers raised goats and cattle and cultivated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a diet supplemented by game hunting and the gathering of wild plants. Pottery styles for the Early Nok are called Puntun Dutse pottery, which has clear similarities to later styles, including very fine comb-drawn lines in horizontal, wavy, and spiral patterns and rocker comb impressions and cross-hatching. The earliest sites are located near or on hilltops at the edges between gallery forests and savanna woodlands. No evidence of iron smelting has been found associated with Early Nok settlements. Middle Nok (900300 BCE). The height of Nok society occurred during the Middle Nok period. There was a steep increase in the number of settlements, and terracotta production was well established by 830–760 BCE. Varieties of pottery continue from the earlier period. The earliest iron smelting furnaces likely date beginning 700 BCE. Farming of millet and trade with neighbors flourished. Middle Nok society included farmers who may have practiced iron smelting on a part-time basis, and traded for quartz nose and ear plugs and some iron implements outside of the region. The medium-distance trade network supplied the communities with stone tools or the raw materials for making the tools. The iron technology brought improved agricultural tools, warring techniques, and perhaps some level of social stratification with iron objects as status symbols. Around 500 BCE, large Nok settlements of between 10 and 30 hectares (25-75 acres) and populations of about 1,000 were established, with roughly contemporaneous smaller settlements of 1-3 ha (2.5-7.5 ac). The large settlements farmed pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), storing grains within the settlements in large pits. They likely had a decreasing emphasis on domestic livestock, compared to the early Nok farmers. Evidence for social stratification is implied rather than explicit: some of the large communities are surrounded by defensive trenches up to 6 meters in width and 2 meters deep, likely cooperative labor supervised by elites. The End of the Nok Culture The Late Nok saw a sharp and fairly abrupt decrease in the size and number of sites occurring between 400-300 BCE. Terracotta sculptures and decorative pottery continue sporadically in farther-flung locations. Scholars believe the central Nigerian hills were abandoned, and people moved into the valleys, perhaps as a result of climate change. Iron-smelting involves a great deal of wood and charcoal to be successful; in addition, a growing population required more sustained clearing of woods for farmland. Around 400 BCE, dry seasons became longer and rains became concentrated in shorter, intensive periods. In recently forested hillslopes that would have led to the erosion of topsoil. Both cowpeas and millet do well in savannah areas, but the farmers switched to fonio (Digitaria exilis), which copes with eroded soils better and can also be grown in valleys where deep soils can become waterlogged. The Post-Nok period shows a complete absence of Nok sculptures, marked difference in pottery decoration and clay choices. The people continued iron working and farming, but apart from that, there is no cultural connection to the earlier Nok society cultural material. Archaeological History Nok art was first brought to light in the 1940s when archaeologist Bernard Fagg learned that tin miners had encountered examples of animal and human sculptures eight meters (25 feet) deep in the alluvial deposits of tin mining sites. Fagg excavated at Nok and Taruga; more research was conducted by Faggs daughter Angela Fagg Rackham and Nigerian archaeologist Joseph Jemkur. The German Goethe University Frankfurt/Main began an international study in three phases between 2005–2017 to investigate Nok Culture; they have identified many new sites but nearly all of them have been affected by looting, most dug up and destroyed entirely. The reason for the extensive looting in the region is that the Nok art terracotta figures, along with the much later Benin brasses and soapstone figures from Zimbabwe, have been targeted by illicit trafficking in cultural antiquities, which has been tied to other criminal activities, including drug and human trafficking. Sources Breunig, Peter, and Nicole Rupp. An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture. Journal of African Archaeology 14.3 (2016): 237–55. Print.Franke, Gabriele. A Chronology of the Central Nigerian Nok Culture—1500 BC to the Beginning of the Common Era. Journal of African Archaeology 14.3 (2016): 257–89. Print.Hoehn, A., and S. Kahlheber. The Environment of the Nok Sites, Central Nigeria—First Insights. SAGVNTVM Extra 2011 (2011). Print.Hà ¶hn, Alexa, and Katharina Neumann. The Palaeovegetation of Janruwa (Nigeria) and Its Implications for the Decline of the Nok Culture. Journal of African Archaeology 14.3 (2016): 331–53. Print.Ichaba, Abiye E. The Iron Working Industry in Precolonial Nigeria: An Appraisal. Africanology 1.1 (2014): 33–39. Print.Insoll, Timothy. Introduction. Shrines, Substances and Medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: Archaeological, Anthropological, and Historical Perspectives. Anthropology Medicine 18.2 (2011): 145â€⠀œ66. Print.Mà ¤nnel, Tanja M., and Peter Breunig. The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari. Journal of African Archaeology 14.3 (2016): 313–29. Print.Ojedokun, Usman Adekunle. Trafficking in Nigerian Cultural Antiquities: A Criminological Perspective. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 6.12 (2012): 163–76. Print.Rupp, Nicole, James Ameje, and Peter Breunig. New Studies on the Nok Culture of Central Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 3.2 (2005): 283–90. Print.

Cybercrime A Form Of Cybercrime - 1943 Words

Cyberspying/Cyberespionoge Definition Cyberspying is a form of cybercrime in which hackers target computer networks in order to gain access to classified or other information that may be profitable or advantageous for the hacker. Cyberspying is an ongoing process that occurs over time in order to gain confidential information. It can result in everything from economic disaster to terrorism (Techopedia). Cyberspying can be devastating toward both the government and businesses due to the classified information that can lead to copied products and gain both personal and business secrets. This ends up with consequences from major loss of money to loss of life. Background In December of 2009, Google began to notice persistent cyber-attacks aimed at acquiring information specific to Gmail accounts. The accounts were held by Chinese human rights activists, and Google wasn t the only target. To the search engine giant s credit, they quickly informed at least 20 other companies that they too were being targeted through a vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer. Preventive measures were taken, and McAfee Labs identified the problem in early 2010 and code-named it ‘Aurora’. The Aurora attackers used targeted emails with malware sent to individuals who were judged as good targets because they were likely to have a high level of access to valuable intellectual property. The reaction to this act of cyber espionage varied around the world. Microsoft sent a security breach reportShow MoreRelatedIs Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The Internet?1206 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals to stay in touch, find information, and even ma ke a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the Internet using computers and networks; also known as Hacking. Cybercrimes are a major issue individual face in today s society; this is because the number of people using the Internet has grown rapidly over the last decade. Technology is available toRead MoreCyber Threat, Its Scope And Its Impact On National Security991 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses future of cybercrime in 2020. In recent years, â€Å"Information warfare† a new way of terrorism has become the major concern for information security specialists; terrorists might tamper with computers and electronic devices to commit secured information based threats to nations, to businesses and to individuals. INTRODUCTION In a world where information and communications technology (ICT) that provides the mode so people can work with each other electronically in a digital form over large distancesRead MoreCyber Criminals Are Faceless And Cybercrimes946 Words   |  4 Pagescriminals are faceless and cybercrimes are now easier and safer for criminals to troll the internet for unsuspected victims without leaving the comfort of their own home. According to a Police Executive Research Forum report (PERF, 2014), local law enforcement are struggling with responses to cybercrimes; Chief Charles McClelland of the Houston police department told PERF, â€Å"unfortunately, we haven’t properly prepared our officers to handle cybercrime calls† (p.20). Cybercrimes are not limited to creditRead MoreCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract-This research explores the different forms of cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals, both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutionsRead MoreTrends in Cybercrime1083 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Cybercrime is nothing to new in this day and time; this has been a problem for many since the early onset of the 80’s. Although much seems to have been done to combat cybercrime over the years, criminals still have an advantage edge. With IT experts, companies see now just how important it is to involve law enforcement in the efforts to fight against computer crime. Computer cybercrime as we know it today is now used as potentially illegal activities. Many issues surroundingRead MoreCybercrime : A Victim Of Cybercrime1348 Words   |  6 Pagespeople that you didn’t send? If the answer is yes to any of the questions you were a victim of cybercrime. Cybercrime Definition Cybercrime (Computer Crime) is defined as the use of a computer to commit crimes such as fraud, trafficking in child pornography, intellectual property, stealing Identities, or violating the privacy of others (Britannica). Cybercrime and Homeland Security Cybercrime is important to homeland security because it helps to protect the United States against federalRead MoreCybercrime And The Fight Against Cybercrime1227 Words   |  5 Pages Martin, 2004). In particular, while many people are aware of cybercrime, very few understand its far-reaching implications. For this reason, this discussion will focus on exploring cybercrime, with a special focus on its legal, ethical and social impacts. In doing so, it will also comment on the responsibilities that computing professionals must undertake in the fight against cybercrime. Legal Impacts The legal impacts of cybercrime are well visualized through law enforcement. Undoubtedly, theRead MoreDigital Evidence And Law Enforcement Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology, they have become the new weapon in committing crime, and to the burgeoning science of digital evidence, law enforcement now use computers to fight crime. Nevertheless, digital evidence is information stored, transmitted, and received in binary form that can potentially be relied on as evidence in court. Notwithstanding, digital evidence is commonly associated with crimes that involve such devices, such as a computer hard drives, external storage devices, mobile phones, among others, and are oftenRead MoreWhat Constitutes Crime And Cybercrime, And Differences Within The Legal System Of Various Nations1505 Words   |  7 Pagesglobally and this can be directly linked to the differences in the definition of what constitutes crime and cybercrime, and differences in Legal System of various nations. The diff erences in definition are because of the fundamentals of traditional criminal law. In criminal law, there are two important elements that must be present. It is a common test of criminality expressed in this Latin phrase: ’actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea’, which means the act is not culpable unless the mind is guiltyRead MoreCybercrime Is Any Act Of Crime1740 Words   |  7 Pagespredators lurk and commit unwanted acts without leaving their homes either. Cybercrime is any act of crime committed online and is one were thousands of people fall victim too every day. In the 2012 issue of police reported cybercrime in Canada it was said that â€Å"Asset violations accounts for 61% of police cybercrimes in just 2012 alone, which represent a total of 5,544 incidents† (Mazowita, Police-reported cybercrime in Canada, 2012). That’s showing that cyber-attacks where pretty high in 2012

Generated Be Presented To Qutic Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Generated Be Presented To Qutic Management? Answer: Introduction Plagiarism is a growing trend that is affecting students across the world. In Australia, it has been noted that this behavior is rampant particularly in institutions with international students. This may be perceived to be as a result of multicultural believes as some of students are from various parts of the world with different strictness about plagiarism, or students could be practicing it knowingly or unknowingly. This report seeks to give findings based on research on students perception about plagiarism. Queensland University of Technology International College is an institution of higher learning accounting students from all over the world. As an institution with international reputation, QUTIC management found it necessary to conduct a research on plagiarism as a major concern regarding academic dishonesty. The main objectives of this report are: To help the management come up with adequate measures from which students will fully understand what plagiarism is and its consequences. To help students to avoid practice of plagiarism Method of data collection The research was conducted by use of questionnaires which were manually distributed to respondents. Respondents were students from different faculties and of different nationalities. Items used included booklets of questions and writing pen. The questionnaires were multi choice 1where respondents were expected to tick appropriately against a economics. Sampling method employed was segregation by faculty and nationality. A total of twenty respondents took part in filling in of the questionnaires. Scope of study The research was carried out in QUTIC and it was carried out across all faculties. Countries represented in the samples were Japan, china, Vietnam, Brazil, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Nepal and Korea. students awareness about plagiarism Choice Number of students A 10 B 12 C 10 D 17 E 12 Students were asked what plagiarism is. They were supposed to tick appropriately against the choices provided. Respondents were allowed to give more than one choice where they may deem fit. The choices given are as follows: A =To share work among friends B=copying at an exam C= Having others statements exactly without knowing D =To use other's words exactly as your own E =To pretend others results as yours From the above results, all choices appeared to be chosen as the correct meaning of plagiarism. Students from across the world gives different opinions on what they think plagiarism is. It can be concluded that most students can not define plagiarism accurately. They actually are not fully aware of what really can be said to be plagiarism or not. This could mean that students needs more explanations about plagiarism. Reasons for plagiarizing Choice Number of students A 50 B 48 C 46 D 52 E 61 This questionnaire question required students to give their reasons for plagiarizing. The multiple choices provided allowed them to tick appropriately. The choices provided were as follows: A= time management B= Language barrier C= Lack of awareness D= unclear rules E= background difference 2.2.1 Finding It was found that reasons why students practice plagiarism were diverse. Majority of the students thought that background differences was a factor that led to this practice. This was followed by unclear rules regarding plagiarism. Language barrier was the least reason that is likely to make a student commit plagiarism. It can be concluded that reasons that cause student to practice plagiarism are diverse and varies from student to student. Since all the reasons received close citations by students, it can be deduced that all the choices provided were major reasons why students practice plagiarism Comment Number of students Strongly serious 10 Serious 7 Neutral 2 Unimportant 1 This questionnaire question asked respondents about their comments on consequences of plagiarism. The comments expected were meant to be a scale of measure of seriousness with which students held plagiarism with. It was found that 50% think that consequences are strongly serious, 35% commented that consequences were serious, 10% were neutral while 5% thought it as important. From the above data, it can be concluded that majority of the students are aware that consequences of plagiarism are tough. Only few students were found to be not aware that consequences of plagiarism are serious. This part of the questionnaire required students to give their view on what means could be taken to help students avoid plagiarism. Students came up with different ideas and thoughts. Clarification of what plagiarism entails was suggestion by some students. More LLA workshops and increasing of awareness to student was said to provide a solution to cub the practice. Other students suggested that easy to use applications to check plagiarism need to be developed. Serious punishment to students caught plagiarizing was among the suggestions provided. A few think nothing can be done to prevent plagiarism. Conclusion From students comments, it can be concluded that majority of them are willing to get assistance so that they can keep away from the practice. It also arises that some students are unaware that they plagiarize and they would like applications to help them out. Recommendation From the research, finding and conclusions carried out in this study, it is recommended that QUTIC management needs to: 3.1 Provide more lessons about plagiarism to international students 3.2 Provide LLA workshops to international students more frequently. 3.3 Provide mobile and personal computer applications that will help students check plagiarism in their work. 3.4 Make students aware of seriousness of consequences of plagiarism 3.5 Help international students understand that plagiarism is a breach of ethical code of written work in Australia 3.6 Come up with more serious punishments for students caught plagiarizing References Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press. In Fook, C. Y., In Sidhu, G. K., In Narasuman, S., In Fong, L. L., In Abdul, R. S. B. (2016). 7th International Conference on University Learning and Teaching (InCULT 2014) Proceedings: Educate to Innovate. In Railean, E., In Walker, G., In Elc?i, A., In Jackson, L., IGI Global. (2016). Handbook of Business research on applied learning theory and design in modern education Kell, P., Vogl, G. (2010). Global student mobility in the Asia Pacific: Mobility, migration, security and wellbeing of international students. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. Marsh, B. (2007). Plagiarism: Alchemy and remedy in higher education. Albany: State University of New York Press. Menager, R., Paulos, L. (2010). Quick coach guide to avoiding plagiarism. Boston, Mass: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. management: Open University Press/McGraw Hill. Pecorari, D. (2013). Teaching to avoid plagiarism: How to promote good source use. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill Education, Open University Press.

Ethical Dilemmas Facing Social Workers Social Work Essay Essay Example

Ethical Dilemmas Facing Social Workers Social Work Essay Essay Social workers face ethical quandary on a day-to-day footing, Banks illustrates this in her citation ethical quandary occur when the societal worker sees herself as confronting a pick between two every bit unwelcoming options, which may affect a struggle of moral values, and it is non clear which pick will be the right 1 ( Banks 2006:13 ) . Banks implies that societal workers are frequently involved in personal and even painful issues and ethical opinions in societal work that are about human public assistance ( Banks 2006:155 ) . This poses many challenges as determinations made are likely to be life altering for service users. It is hence of import for a societal worker to be able to warrant action ( or inactivity ) consequently. The facts of a instance entirely can non find what action must be taken, it would be impossible to do picks without values ( Beckett and Maynard 2005:7 ) . It is indispensable for a societal worker to hold a strong value base from which they work. In so me cases jobs may originate as societal workers come into the profession with their ain set of personal values and these may conflict with their professional values. Hence what Banks refers to as conflict of moral values ( Banks 2006:13 ) . Personal values can non merely be eradicated because they conflict with professional values, but we must keep our values and premises under reappraisal, and be unfastened to other statements and other thoughts ( Beckett and Maynard 2005:17 ) . In the instance scenario of the Bertrams the alternatives are unwelcoming and in order to voyage the value labyrinth in societal work ( Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper 2008:92 ) societal workers use assorted theories to inform pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemmas Facing Social Workers Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemmas Facing Social Workers Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemmas Facing Social Workers Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Kantism besides referred to as deontology was derived from the thoughts of philosopher Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804 ) . Kant believed people should be treated as an end and non a agency to an terminal. By this Kant meant people should be valued and respected as an person and non used for the benefit of others. Hence, Kant believed that everyone should be treated every bit. Kant s political orientation was to put aside people s position of faith and religious beliefs and move to the thought of being rational. Rationality enables people to understand what their responsibilities are and how their responsibilities enlighten what they do in the universe ( Parrott 2010: 500 ) . Kant besides believed that by utilizing ground this would develop a consistent moral system . In the instance of the Bertram s if the societal worker were to utilize the deontological position to steer her decision-making it would be of import to value Mrs Bertram as a individual because the nucleus of this position is respect for individuals ( Beckett A ; Maynard 2005:35 ) . This goes manus in manus with the British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) Code of Ethics cardinal rules: Respect for human self-respect ; Value for every human being, their beliefs, ends, penchants and demands ; and Respect for human rights and self finding ( BASW 2010 ) . Jeremy Bentham ( 1748-1832 ) developed the philosophical theory of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism looks at the effects of actions equilibrating the comparative advantages and disadvantages of a peculiar class of action, ( Parrott 2010: 54 ) Therefore one individuals agony is acceptable as the greatest figure of people is happy. There are two rules of utilitarianism, the rules of justness and public-service corporation. The rule of justness is about being equal and just as the value of everyone s felicity should be the same. The rule of public-service corporation signifies the greatest good for everyone. In many instances these two rules clash as the minority of people are unhappy. In the instance scenario of the Bertrams her felicity should be valued and it would be of import to see the reverberations of traveling against her wants if it were considered in her best involvements. A societal worker would be expected to equilibrate Mrs Bertram s right to self-government, her safety and the concerns of her household for her public assistance as it is frequently the societal worker s occupation to measure the whole state of affairs and work for a solution in the best involvements of all concerned ( Banks 2006:167 ) . Virtue moralss is a theory that looks into an person s character. Ones virtue moralss are developed by their personal belief system and this determines their character. Virtue moralss is an attack according to which the basic judgements in moralss are judgements about character ( Statman, 1997:7 ) . Ethical issues are embedded in relationships and duties. An single may lie to be seen as virtuous because they want to be seen as an honorable individual. A A Extremist societal work is seen as belonging to an country of societal work which can besides be known as critical or activist societal work. The extremist place takes a transformational position of societal work, and as such is concerned with transforming society to profit the most laden instead than concentrating on the person ( Hill, 2010 ) . Payne ( 1997 ) suggests some typical positions are that ; jobs are defined as societal and structural instead than single. McIntyre ( 1982 ) cited in Payne ( 1997 ) summarises the extremist attacks unfavorable judgments of traditional societal work as ; traditional societal work reduces complex societal jobs into single psychological 1s, it cuts service users off from others who may portion the same job and it reinforces the capitalist societal order that is oppressive. The extremist place sees the professionalization of societal work as estranging workers from service users. Praxis is the procedure of thought and moving. It is like a spiral of idea and action, or a praxis spiral. Praxis is built-in to societal work pattern and comes in the signifier of contemplation. In societal work theory, practice is the automatic relationship between theories and action. It describes a cyclical procedure of societal work interactions developing new theories and polishing old 1s. In order to work anti-oppressively societal workers need to reflect on factors that influence their pattern ; they so need to integrate the consequences of this contemplation into their pattern ( Lee, 2001 ) . Downie and Telfer ( 1969, 1980 ) province that respect can be regarded as an active understanding towards another human being ( Banks S, 2006: 29 ) . Darwell ( 1995 ) outlines two types of regard, acknowledgment regard and appraisal regard. Recognition regard is in kernel when a human being is worthy of regard whether it is for something they have communicated verbally or through their actions. Appraisal regard is admiting 1s qualities. The degree of regard would reflect on the qualities shown. Kantism has had an influence on the moral rule of regard in a relationship between a societal worker and the service user. ( Banks S, 2006: 31 ) In order for a societal worker to demo full regard there are four cardinal elements that have to be met, these are, acknowledgement, saving, non-destruction and battle ( Banks and Gallagher, 2009 ) . Relativism suggests that all points of position are every bit valid and the single determines what is true and comparative for persons. Relativism theorises that truth is different for different people, non merely that different people believe different things to be true. Subjective relativism allows us to be swayers of our ain rules and how we chose to populate our lives. Cultural relativism is the position that moral beliefs and practises vary with and depend on the human demands and societal conditions of peculiar civilizations so that no moral belief can be universally true. ( A Tocopherol Holmes 1984 ) . is this a direct quotation mark? Descriptive Ethical relativism believes that different civilizations have different moral values and normative ethical relativism suggests that each civilization is right unto itself. The Collins English Dictionary ( 2009 ) defines values as the moral rules and beliefs of a individual or group and moralss as a societal, spiritual or civil codification of behavior considered right, particularly that of a peculiar group, profession, or single. Therefore values can be seen as the cardinal beliefs that an person or group holds to be true and ethics the more formalistic regulations or guidelines of an organisation or society. Banks ( 2010 ) states that values are regarded as peculiar types of belief that people hold about what is regarded as worthy or valuable . ( direct quotation mark? need pg figure ) Although values are personal to us as persons, they may besides be shared by the society or civilization in which we live. Our values are formed through personal development and socialization and will be influenced by both past and present experiences. ( Parrott, 2010 ) Dubois and Miley ( 1996 ) province moralss are concerned with what people consider right while v alues are concerned with what people consider good. Most moral philosophers would specify moralss as a remarkable term, which is used to depict a subdivision of doctrine concerned with the survey of Morality, moral jobs and moral opinions ( Frankena, 1963 cited in Banks, 2006: page figure ) . Harmonizing to Parrott ( 2010 ) , moralss can be seen to steer an action and are at that place to inform and act upon any opinions made harmonizing to the professional value base of societal work. Reamer ( 2006 ) provides an penetration into the historical beginnings of values and moralss in societal attention and provinces that they have been at the foundation of societal attention s mission since its origin. He suggests that societal work values and moralss come from four distinguishable phases: the morality period ; the values period ; the ethical theory and decision-making period and the ethical criterions and hazard direction period ( Reamer, 2006 ) . These have culminated in the General Social Care Council s ( GSCC ) codification of behavior that is in topographic point today ( Barnard, 2008 ) . Social workers are duty bound to adhere to the GSCC codifications of pattern which acts as an ethical model. A written codification of moralss enables societal workers to judge their pattern against an ethical criterion and enables service users to understand what behavior they should anticipate from their societal worker. If societal workers are considered to be in breach of the GSCC codifications they can be removed from the societal attention registry and no longer pattern. Professional societal workers must take duty for their actions as they hold a place of trust and power that is legitimised by the province devising moralss an of import factor in answerability. The impact of all pattern on service users can be said to be powerful and hence the moralss and value base emphasises the importance that the moral standing of service users is equal to that of the professional ( Hugman, 2008 ) . The National Occupation Standards ( NOS ) for Social Workers province clearly that values and moralss are cardinal to being a competent practician. Parrott ( 2010 ) suggests that values are of import to societal work as they provide a common set of rules, which societal workers can utilize and develop as a agency of working in an ethical manner with service users . ( direct quotation mark? pg figure ) He goes on to state that they guide professional behavior, aid keep a professional individuality and protect service users from malpractice. It is of import to clear up one s personal values in order to increase one s consciousness of the possible struggles and the impact these may hold on ethical determination devising. A individual s cultural experiences and background will impact the determinations they make and may bias their behavior. Social workers must foremost clear up their ain value stance in relation to value-laden issues they meet in pattern state of affairss if they want to be true to themselves and to their profession ( Dolgoff, 2009:54 ) . When associating moral doctrine and ethical quandary to societal work pattern it is of import to admit that no 1 theory provides an reply. Traditionally societal work has taken the Kantian attack and focused on the societal worker / service user relationship. The demand for societal work to dispute inequality and subjugation on an person and structural degree means extremist societal work is besides still relevant. An overall Kantian Utilitarian Extremist attack may be better. ( Banks, 2006 ) The right of a service user to self finding may conflict with a societal workers statutory responsibility if they are potentially jeopardizing their ain life or that of others ( Clifford and Burke, 2009 ) . Neil Thompson ( 2006, p40 ) defines subjugation as inhuman or degrading intervention of persons or groups ; adversity or unfairness brought approximately by the laterality of one group over another ; the negative and take downing usage of power. It frequently involves ignoring the rights o f an single or group and is therefore a denial of citizenship . Service user s will predominately come from oppressed and marginalised groups and it is important that societal workers acknowledge institutional favoritism and avoid unwittingly pigeonholing service users, intensifying bing subjugations. ( Thompson, 2008 ) Social workers need to be cognizant of the unequal distribution of power within administrations and make up ones mind how best to recommend and negociate within these administrations for the best involvement of the service user, even if it involves disputing the construction and values of an administration from within ( Dominelli, 2002 ) . Paternalism focuses on the right for societal workers with cognition, authorization, and accomplishments to travel into the lives of those who need their aid, either by self referral or referrals from other professions. Mrs Bertram has been referred by another professional because of her Alzheimer s. Ethical consciousness is an of import portion of societal work as it gives the societal worker the ability and committedness to work aboard other professionals and service users. The Utilitarian position is eventful with the consequences given as much consideration as possible. Therefore when believing approximately pattern this attack would state to believe of the individuals outcome ( hereafter ) when covering with the present state of affairs. This would intend weighing the good with the bad. The extremist attack would authorise the service user into alteration enabling them to get the better of jobs and fit them with techniques to cover with these independently in the hereafter. Social workers should affect the service user in the determination devising procedure, working in partnership and maintaining them to the full informed about their instance. The get downing point of covering with this instance would be an appraisal of the Bertram s state of affairs. The assessment undertaking when undertaken in a professional and informed mode is honoring and sets the foundation for farther intercessions ( Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper 2008:269 ) . The Bertrams fiscal state of affairs is ill-defined as it appears that Mr Bertram does nt hold much heritage money left which has led to lease arrears. This state of affairs would necessitate to be resolved shortly as their landlord is endangering to evict them for rent arrears and the province of the flat, which could render them both homeless. Mrs Bertrams penetration appears to be badly impaired by her terminal phase Alzheimers and an appraisal of the wellness hazards may necessitate procuring elaborate information from the GP about Mrs Bertram s Alzheimer s and other wellness issues, and the likely forecast. Mr Bertram is believed to be an alcoholic and this could hold deductions for his wellness. The likeliness of a positive result would possibly be increased if Mr Bertram could be offered aid for alcohol addiction every bit good as a carers appraisal to determine what his demands are. He spends considerable clip at his nine, go forthing his married woman entirely in the house vulnerable and at hazard. Mrs Bertram s girls distrust Mr Bertram and believe it s in her best involvement to be moved into residential attention. Before her unwellness advanced Mrs Bertram stated she wanted to remain with her hubby. Possible options to see after the appraisal would be supplying support for Mr and Mrs Bertram at place, traveling them into sheltered adjustment together or traveling Mrs Bertram into residential attention. All these options may be unwelcoming to the Bertrams therefore in order to convey about any alteration it would be of import to first construct a relationship with both Mr Bertram and Mrs Bertram and her girls using the Kantist position that the truth is told. This could intend seeking to pass on with Mrs Bertram at choice times when she is more limpid and can take part every bit much as possible. It is of import to develop/construct a shared apprehension of the job ( s ) being faced ( Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper, 2008:282 ) . Opinions should be informed straight by what Mr and Mrs Bertram say about their fortunes. Mr and Mrs Bertram must hold a cardinal portion in the appraisal of their state of affairs, and any issues should be shared leting them to go on to hold every bit much pick as possible. The strengths of this program are that Mr and Mrs Bertram will be involved in the attention program and will be able to show their positions, every bit good as Mrs Bertram s girls being able to lend towards the attention program. This may construct a strong relationship with the household and physique on trust so they do co- operate and see all the options as they will understand that the scheme would be for the wellness and good being of both Mr and Mrs Bertram. As societal workers we need to hold a basic apprehension of what the Bertram s values are as it would be hard to sympathize and acquire the necessary apprehension of their wants if we do non. As societal workers we could so perchance struggle to do advancement when seeking to assist the Bertram s. This professional development is of import as we will utilize this type of growing everyday in the workplace. In this instance the chief value/wish seems to be that the Bertram s stayed together in their place. A societal worker s personal values may inform their apprehension of pattern. However, a societal worker demands to follow the broader model provided by anti-oppressive societal work moralss. The model provided allows a topographic point for personal values but challenges societal workers to put them within the wider model where they are accountable to others and they must abstain from enforcing their values and in fact inquiry them. ( Clifford and Burke, 2009 ) Different parts are made by assorted ethical positions in any given state of affairs and these must be considered. Ethical positions must be considered in visible radiation of an anti-oppressive attack to pattern and in relation to each other as there are occasions when the different positions struggle. Social workers have an obligation to work in a manner that demonstrates non merely cognition of relevant ethical constructs and local Torahs but besides a broader consciousness of how ethical values are related to societal ine qualities and diversenesss ( Clifford and Burke, 2009:203 ) Word Count: 2993 ( including writer inside informations in brackets )